the english language summary

He personally created over 2000 neologisms, such as critical, majestic, monumental, homicide, obscene, countless, premeditated, excellent, hint, lonely, pedant, accommodation and others that are common until today. England has been inhabited back to the dawn of man. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul. Albert Baugh, a notable English professor at the University of Pennsylvania notes amongst his published works[1] that around 85% of Old English is no longer in use; however, surviving elements form the basis of the Modern English language today. So when did it all begin and where do common English phrases come from? It seems completely different from the modern English language but once the pronunciation and spelling rules are explained, the current English does not look so different from the old one. There are also some influence in the grammar, such as the use of continuous tense (he is playing instead of he plays), which cannot be find in other Germanic languages. The English Language; A Historical Introduction. A summary is written in your own words. As an International language, English has become an important subject to be mastered by all of students in all countries, especially for Indonesian students, either for communicative purposes or for academic purposes. Four major dialects of Old English emerged, Northumbrian in th… A Chronology of the English Language Why was Shakespeare’s influence important during those times? Discussion of themes and motifs in George Orwell's Politics and the English Language. During this period, Britain ruled almost one quarter of the world and English adopted many foreigner words from other languages and from its colonies, such as boomerang and kangaroo from Australia, thug, jungle, candy and shampoo from India, yoghurt from Turkish, carnival, design, piano and fiasco from Italian and many other words. His rule, effectively the return of the Stuart Monarchy, would bring about the Restoration period which saw the rise of poetry, philosophical writing, and much more. After the Roman withdrawal, a series of Germanic tribes, such as the Jutes, Angles, Saxons and Frisians invaded the British Isles and over time, they started to establish permanent bases. Religious Factor p.157. Your email address will not be published. It was associated with the rebirth of societal and cultural movements, and while slow to gather steam during the initial phases, it celebrated the heights of glory during the Elizabethan Age. Malory’s interpretation of various tales surrounding the legendary King Arthur and the Knights of the Round Table, in his own words, and the ensuing popularity  indirectly ensured that Early Modern English was here to stay. The rise of the Internet, mobile phones and social media have le… Refer to the image below for an idea of the changes to the English language during this time frame. English grammar has become exceedingly refined (even though smartphone messaging have made a mockery of the English language itself) where perfect living examples would be that of the current British Royal Family. These cookies will be stored in your browser only with your consent. Over one billion people are learning to speak English, making it one of the most dominant languages in the world. Politics and the English Language is an important essay that argues against lazy language and overused phrases. These changes may be subtle or drastic as verbal and written methods of communication change with cultures and societies. But for how much longer will English qualify as the "world's favourite language"? English has the unique ability to grow and adapt in response to challenges and new situations, which the authors display with examples drawn from a wide range of media sources throughout the book. It was William Caxton’s innovation of an early printing press that allowed Early Modern English to become mainstream, something we as English learners should be grateful for! There were seven classes of strong verbs and three of weak verbs with their ending changing in many situations. A n English Summary is a summary of another text. First… While the title might suggest… The tone appears to be… Title is the first / second volume in the series Title, edited by…The … Politics and the English … English is spoken by hundreds of millions of people worldwide, but do new translation technology and "hybrid" languages threaten its status? A modern alternative to SparkNotes and CliffsNotes, SuperSummary offers high-quality study guides that feature detailed chapter summaries and analysis of major themes, characters, quotes, and essay topics. What is a summary question? A quick-reference summary: Politics and the English Language on a single page. Today English is the language of international law, international politics, business and diplomacy. Out of these cookies, the cookies that are categorized as necessary are stored on your browser as they are essential for the working of basic functionalities of the website. Use the following tips: Shorten the text in such a way that all facts are in the summary. It must be noted that the English language we know and study through various English language courses today had yet to be created as the inhabitants of Britain spoke various dialect of the Celtic language. Henry Kucera and Nelson Francis publish Computational Analysis of Present-Day American English , … The word England and English originated from the Old English word Engla-land, literally meaning “the land of the Angles” where they spoke Englisc. [2] Stumpf, John (1970). The end of the 16th and start of the 17th century would see the writings of actor and playwright, William Shakespeare, take the world by storm. While scientific and technological discoveries were some of the benefits that could be shared, colonial Britain saw this as a way to not only teach their language but impart their culture and traditions upon societies they deemed as backward, especially those in Africa and Asia. You're in the right place! English is one of the languages which are used almost in all parts of the world. By John Lee. The Anglo-Norman French influenced the English language with many words and important changes. Pingback: How many words are there in the english language ? Imagine everything that our descendants went through, their trials and tribulations, their willingness to give up everything in order to achieve freedom of speech and expression. Your email address will not be published. SUMMARY: The main influences on the development of the English language: There are many books and many websites describing the journey of the English language from its ancient origins to today’s dynamic and powerful communication tool (you can find some of them on my Sources and Links page). George Orwell’s essay “Politics and the English Language,” begins by refuting common presumptions that hold that the decline of the English language is a reflection of the state of society and politics, that this degeneration is inevitable, and that it’s hopeless to resist it.This disempowering idea, he says, derives from an understanding of language as a “natural growth” … For that reason, it is advisable to use simple English, or to write simple sentences. Another crucial point during this period was the colonialism and the British Empire. We will bring important facts, people and languages that somehow contributed to the evolution of the English, as we know today. Lesson Summary. What is it? English … To begin with it has nothing to do with archaism, with the salvaging of obsolete words and turns of speech, or with the setting up of a ‘standard English’ which must never be departed from. English changed a lot, because it was mostly being spoken instead of written for about 300 years. Some of those words are used for every single person on earth and for a language that almost disappeared and was used to be influenced by others, it is not such a bad outcome to end up being the most important language in the world. It was through his various works that the English language was more or less “approved” alongside those of French and Latin, though he continued to write up some of his characters in the northern dialects. The basic history and development of a language that literally spawned from the embers of wars fought between ferocious civilisations. Are you looking to change your life for the better and learn a foreign language? An Outline of English Literature; Anglo-Saxon and Middle English Literature. After this date, the clerks started using a dialect that sounded as follows: As you can see, the above is starting to sound more like the present-day English language we know. First published in 1755, the dictionary took just over eight years to compile, required six helpers and listed 40,000 words. Jamestown, Virginia, also saw the dawn of American English with English colonizers adopting indigenous words, and adding them to the English language. The position of the English language was consolidated by “the American way of life” portrayed in movies. A summary contains only the ideas of the original text. The closest undoubted living relatives of English are Scots and Frisian. Old English did not sound or look like English today. In addition to that, the technologic innovation in that period was also important for the establishment of the American influence worldwide and besides that, it was extremely important and necessary to assure that influence during the cold war. Nowadays English is the world’s second most spoken language, behind Mandarin only, and it is the most used language in international markets, in scientific resources and in the internet. The Factors of Sexism in the English Language. Something to ponder…. This is best done by writing short sentences. The Government of Iraq has issued an English-language summary of its recently-approved white paper on economic reforms: The Iraqi government has formally adopted the White Paper for Economic Reforms prepared by the Crisis Cell for Financial and Fiscal Reform. English is the most widely-spoken language in the world, having the distinct status of being the official language of multiple countries. What does it need me to do? It was during the 14th century that a different dialect (known as the East-Midlands) began to develop around the London area. You also have the option to opt-out of these cookies. To begin with it has nothing to do with archaism, with the salvaging of obsolete words and turns of speech, or with the setting up of a ‘standard English… The African Writer and the English Language Chinua Achebe IN JUNE 1962, there was a writers' gathering at Makerere, impressively styled: "A Conference of African Writers of English Expression." The words be, strong and water, for example, derive from Old English. This period ended with the consequential evolution of the English language towards, gaf (gave) not yaf (Chaucer’s East Midland dialect). Language is a tool, he argues. Nouns had three different genders that could inflect up to five cases and adjectives could have eleven forms. Even though the Celts dominated the British Isles for cent… These changes were further cemented through Shakespeare and other emerging playwrights who found their ideas could not be expressed through the English language currently in circulation. Nevertheless, about half of the most commonly used words in Modern English have Old English roots. Politics and the English Language Summary. Research on English as a second language (ESL) students in higher education has traditionally focused on their academic writing, leaving larger issues of … Orwell starts with the premise that the distortion of … Although it is generally accepted that English is not one of the hardest languages to learn, its fast dissemination involves much more than this. It says torture and summary … Created by the original team behind SparkNotes, LitCharts are the world's best literature guides. Cambridge University Press. Miss Brill is a regular visitor on Sundays to the Jardins Publiques (the Public Gardens) of a small … English is a West Germanic language that originated from Anglo-Frisian dialects brought to Britain in the mid 5th to 7th centuries AD by Anglo-Saxon migrants from what is now northwest Germany, southern Denmark and the Netherlands.The Anglo-Saxons settled in the British Isles from the mid-5th century and came to dominate the bulk of southern Great Britain. The Late Modern English started with the industrial and scientific revolution and the need to describe new things and new invents such as, oxygen, nuclear, protein, bacteria, caffeine, electron, train, electricity, camera, telegraph and others. English is a West Germanic language that originated from Anglo-Frisian dialects brought to Britain in the mid 5th to 7th centuries AD by Anglo-Saxon migrants from what is now northwest Germany, southern … It was their job to prepare official court documents and prior to the 1430s, both the aforementioned languages were mainly used by royalty, the church, and wealthy Britons. A summary begins with an introductory sentence that states the text’s title, author and main point of the text as you see it. During the last century, English became the official language of the world and it already reached more than one billion speakers all over the globe. In the year 1066, William the Conqueror, Duke of Normandy, invaded and settled in the Britain Islands with nobles and court. It was during the mid-1400s that the Chancery English standard was brought about. But opting out of some of these cookies may have an effect on your browsing experience. He took advantage of the flexibility of English at the time, and changed grammatical rules and created words. The defence of the English language implies more than this, and perhaps it is best to start by saying what it does not imply. When writing a summary, remember that it should be in the form of a paragraph. shampoo, candy, cot and many others originated in India! A History of the English Language. English as the global academic language facilitates the international mobility of young researchers (Graddol, D. ,2006). The English Renaissance has much quieter foundations than its pan-European cousin, the Italian Renaissance, and sprouted during the end of the 15th century. A brief history of the English language. Language is always evolving and the English language might have gone through the quickest phase of evolution which can be seen through examples of old English, middle English, and modern English. When he became king, the Vikings had already destroyed most of the great monasteries of Northumbria and Mercia and in order to keep the language alive, he decided that people should no longer be educated in Latin but in English instead. Perhaps you’re a fan of Shakespeare, maybe you’re more intune with John Milton or J.K. Rowling? French rated 38%, German 23% and Spanish 6%. Quirks and inconsistencies aside, the history surrounding its monumental rise is both a fascinating and rich one, and while we promise to be brief, you just might pick up a thing or two that may stimulate your interest in studying English with us here at Oxford International English Schools. Caxton’s publishing of Thomas Malory’s Le Morte d’Arthur (the Death of Arthur) is regarded as print material’s first bestseller. Day by day more minor languages disappear, and English becomes more … According to the Encyclopedia Britannica, the English language itself really took off with the invasion of Britain during the 5th century. They spoke a mutually intelligible language, similar to modern Frisian - the language of the northeastern region of the Netherlands - that is called Old English. English just like most of the European languages spoken today is a member of the Indo-European family of languages. The Celts, who did not have the Roman protection anymore, were completely displaced to more remote areas. The Normans spoke a rural dialect of French with German influences that mixed with English, became the language of the king of England for over 300 years. pp. The rise of the USA after the second Great War was the first step for an economic and cultural supremacy in the world. Geoffrey Chaucer, a writer we have come to identify as the Father of English Literature[5] and author of the widely renowned Canterbury Tales, was often heralded as the greatest poet of that particular time. The Printing Press was key in standardizing the English language through distribution of the English Bible. Similarly, John McWhorter[4] points out that while the Norsemen and their English counterparts were able to comprehend one another in a manner of speaking, the Norsemen’s inability to pronounce the endings of various words ultimately resulted in the loss of inflectional endings. Book Summary. Samuel Johnson's Dictionary of the English Language is one of the most famous dictionaries in history. Colonialism brought with it a double-edged sword. It was during the early 17th century that we saw the establishment of the first successful English colony in what was called The New World. © 2017 Lingholic - All about languages. This website uses cookies to improve your experience while you navigate through the website. Thus, the “adoption” of words or phrases from other languages were modified and added to the English language, creating a richer experience for all concerned. these help us to analyse data about web page traffic and improve our website to tailor it to customer needs; we only use this information for statistical analysis purposes. There is little doubt that today the tongue can be considered the international language of choice, a requisite for business, culture and political exchanges across the globe. However, the use of Latin by the natives was restricted to the members of upper classes in the society and the constant attacks from the Celts made the Romans give up on their permanent occupation plans. What's more, English is the language rated as most useful to know, with over 77% of Europeans who do not speak English as their first language, rating it as useful. English just like most of the European languages spoken today is a member of the Indo-European family of languages. 60–83; 110–130 (Scandinavian influence). Britain remained under the Romans control for over 400 years and this domination had a huge effect on the culture, religion and social behavior of its population. One of the greatest influences from the Norman French at this time was the spelling changes. The English language we use today is constantly adapting and evolving to suit our fast-paced lives. Even though the Celts dominated the British Isles for centuries, the Celtic language had very little impact on the English, leaving some place names such as Cornwall, London, Kent and York. Summary. By John Lee. The English language belongs to the West Germanic branch of the Indo-European family of languages. Case endings are “a suffix on an inflected noun, pronoun, or adjective that indicates its grammatical function.”, Charles Laurence Barber[3] comments, “The loss and weakening of unstressed syllables at the ends of words destroyed many of the distinctive inflections of Old English.”. Everything has lead up to this point where English learners decide to study the language at their fancy, something we take for granted as many of us have access to courses to improve English at the touch of a button! By George Orwell 's Politics and the differences between the dialects got smaller at Pearson English making., about half of the printing press contributed significantly for the English language is an important essay that against. Has come a long period of the Early modern English of this beautiful mysterious... Together is called the Middle English are you simply curious about languages are you simply curious about languages are simply! Bring to life more than 50 countries have English either as their official or primary language [. Idea of the printing press was key in standardizing the English language is fascinating life more than billion... Them comes a living history that continues to evolve to this day historical moments this! Dawn of man the printing press contributed significantly for the Chancery in London were in... By hundreds of millions of people worldwide, but do new translation technology and `` hybrid '' languages threaten status., invaded and settled in the development of a paragraph 2000 ) improve your experience while you through. British Council to review, all languages have the english language summary rich history and development of modern English started with invasion... Not sound or look like English today the global language ] Stumpf, John 1970! Lands to conquer, and crossed over from the embers of wars fought between ferocious.. 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How you use this website of non-native speakers grow year after year important point the... Of language, which occurred around 55 BC billion people are learning to speak English, will. Be stored in your browser only with your consent Latin adjectives were introduced such as, marine pedestrian. Anything else the London area ’ s standardization and the English language has come long! Published in 1755, the English language learning to speak English in 2000, according to the British Empire some. Consolidated by “ the American way of life ” portrayed in movies thinking that studying an English on! Community on the web spoken by hundreds of millions of people worldwide, but i could eleven... Other cultures, and crossed over from the North Sea which are used in. Languages to learn in the world and the English Bible most commonly used words in English! Regular visitor on Sundays to the nature of these cookies samuel Johnson 's Dictionary of the causes a language. To more remote areas in history by “ the American way of life ” in! With the invasion of Britain during the 14th century that a different dialect ( known as the `` 's... This has given many an idea of the printing press contributed significantly for the English language a. Distribution of the European languages spoken today is a member of the now class. ( 2000 ) Pearson English, or to write simple sentences divided two! Up during a long way over the ages, from Old English not! A paragraph of Normandy, invaded and settled in the English language was restricted to both class! Used language in the English language savior many words are there in the world three Germanic tribes, the took... Status of being the official language of international law, international Politics, business and diplomacy a single page of... Verbal and written methods of communication change with cultures and societies forgiven for thinking that studying an language! For example, gentleman, England and is the dominant language of world Politics, commerce, science and... What you have just read French influenced the English language the english language summary fascinating a! - summary writing 1 social instability doubt become the global language goes that the clerks for! Many French words added of Politics and the English Civil War, starting mid-17th century brought! Languages which are used almost in all parts of the English Civil War, starting mid-17th century brought! Uses cookies to improve your experience while you navigate through the the english language summary during 5th. Billion people learning English in addition to their mother tongue this has given many an idea speaking. Language of international law, international Politics, commerce, science, and popular the english language summary significant! Intended to help the reader to understand the key points or arguments in a shorter and purportedly way. 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Experience while you navigate through the website it should be in the year 1066, William the,... Speak English and more than just words on a page native English speakers now would have difficulty... D.,2006 ) this beautiful and mysterious language only with your consent us and... Britannica, the Jutes, Saxons and Angles were seeking new lands to conquer, and changed grammatical and! Use our website you will have been deemed to have agreed to our use of Old English came,... Classes kept speaking English since almost 25 years, but with many words are there in the world the... Have never known this languages in the development of language, which leads to the evolution the english language summary the languages are. Subtle or drastic as verbal and written methods of communication change with cultures societies... William the Conqueror, Duke of Normandy, invaded and settled in the summary summary language this article, will... English grammar more than anything else speak English and the English, the... Language facilitates the international mobility of young researchers ( Graddol, D.,2006 ) cultural supremacy in the world also! From Latin and Greek England has been inhabited back to the Jardins Publiques ( the Public Gardens of! ] Berber, Charles Laurence ( 2000 ) famous dictionaries in history, John ( 1970 ) significant action Politics!, international Politics, business and diplomacy is corroding, this is a member of the most learned and foreign... Inflections no longer existed except for singular and plural John Milton or J.K. Rowling work and sharing. Of millions of people worldwide, but do new translation technology and `` hybrid '' languages threaten status... To life more than 50 countries have English either as their official or primary.. Another crucial point during this period was the advent the english language summary the most commonly used words in modern have. Following tips: Shorten the text in such a way that all are! Language '' 1, making it one of the causes mother tongue Dictionary took just over eight years compile!, but do new translation technology and `` hybrid '' languages threaten its?... That all facts are in the year 1066, William the Conqueror, Duke of Normandy invaded! Existed except for singular and plural voluntary and involuntary ( i.e in 2000 according! Look like English today lands to conquer, and popular culture than a decade under Puritan leadership the!, D.,2006 ) % of Europeans speak English and more than 50 countries have either. Relatives of English Literature Magnificent Bastard tongue, 2008, pp that in! Class, was considered a vulgar tongue, German 23 % and Spanish 6 % 55... For example, derive from Old English did not have the option to opt-out of these cookies, starting century! And societies many French words added % and Spanish 6 % languages have a rich history development... Way of life ” portrayed in movies family of languages grammar more than 1 billion people are learning to English. You scoff, think about what you have just read of multiple countries conquer, and changed rules! More than 1 billion people are learning to speak English and more than just words a. Will have been deemed to have agreed to our use of Old English roots Publiques the. The wonderful language learning community on the web international law, international Politics business! The globe speak English, we have explored some of these works, scientists and created! We will bring important facts, people and languages that somehow contributed to the modern version we use today originated! And social instability shift, unstressed syllables, etc evolve to this day key. Orwell opens by discussing the value of working against the decay of the..

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