Their sex can be readily distinguished by the presence of a baculum (penile bone). River otters have been blamed for decimating game fish populations and are seen as a pest to eradicate by many game fishermen. However, the studies done in Kochi University revealed something different. Society for Conservation Biology North American River Otter (Lontra canadensis): A Technical Conservation Assessment Prepared for the USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Region, Species Conservation Project September 2, 2006 Steve Boyle BIO-Logic Environmental 635 East Main Ste. Sexual maturity in young is believed to occur at about 2 years of age in females, but later in males. Size: to 30″ (body) Habitat: in and around water Notes: River otters are shy but playful creatures that spend much of their time just splashing around. Captured prey are brought to the surface for consumption, with the abdomen used as a table. The tail is highly muscular and comprises up to 40 percent of the otter's total body length. Females are roughly one-third the size of males. River otter poop also contains lots of DNA, from what the otters have eaten and from the otters themselves. Some studies indicate that river otters pair for only a few months during the breeding season and have no further strong bonds. They have long, streamlined bodies, short legs, and a robust, tapered tail, all of which are well adapted to their mostly aquatic habitat. It is both the world’s largest otter and largest member of the mustelid family, reaching up to 6 feet (1.8 meters) in length. Females are slightly smaller, weighing 14-33 kg and measuring 1-1.4 m in length. Thus, river otters in this region appear to be making saltwater crossings of a few miles. About River Otter Ecology Project. Adult otter can be over 50 inches long and weigh up to 25 lbs. Fertilization is internal with the otters meaning the male releases the sperm inside the female. Known throughout much of their range as 'river wolf', they are amongst South America's top carnivores. Otters prefer shores of deep, clear water in lakes, rivers, marshes and ocean bays. In colder climates, otters frequent rapids and waterfall areas that remain ice-free. Because they are at the top of their food chain, they have few predators. 2 Four appendices reporting on short investigations into matters related to the review: Ecology of the European Otter 5 Paul Glendell/English Nature Although there is a lot of information available about the biology and distribution of the otter,a great deal Upon learning there was a need for volunteers with River Otter Ecology Project, I saw a chance to learn about the North American River Otter; not only to help chart the return of another otter species, but also, hopefully, help to prevent a recurrence of what I had observed all those years ago. The otters typically capture prey in their mouths but occasionally use their thumbs and forepaws to grasp and manipulate prey. river otter biology, habitat, history, resource value, and population management and provide direction for future management. Estrus can last anywhere from 20-56 days. Otter fur is a rich, dark brown and is lighter on the … The oldest living river otter on record was 27 years old. Their precolonial range apparently included all of North America except the arid Southwest and the northernmost portions of Alaska and Canada. “Otters need fresh water to keep their fur clean and to drink, but they’re very comfortable in any kind of water. FAST FACTS. Science of The Total Environment, 408(3), pp.537-542 . The otters typically capture prey in their mouths but occasionally use their thumbs and forepaws to grasp and manipulate prey. Any opinions, findings, conclusions, or recommendations expressed in this publication are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the view of the U.S. Department of Agriculture. As of 2016, ROEP has catalogued more than 1,730 sightings and added to that tally close to 5,000 camera-trap videos and photos and roughly 1,300 samples of otter scat. Adirondack Mammals. River otters usually mate in the months of March and April. The North American river otter (Lontra canadensis), also known as the northern river otter or common otter, is a semiaquatic mammal endemic to the North American continent found in and along its waterways and coasts. An otter is muscular, streamlined and solidly built. otter biology and history ^ Otters were once plentiful across most of North America but due to trapping pressure in the late 1800’s and early 20th century, these numbers dwindled. They are found at the top of the food chain, and there is some evidence that their birth rates are reduced when pollution levels—including toxic chemicals, heavy metals, pesticides and agricultural wastes—build up. In South Carolina, they are common along waterways of the coastal plain. Otters are large weasel-like animals that have long bodies, small ears, a broad snout, short legs with webbed feet, and a long hair-covered tail that is wide at the body and narrows toward the tip. Average life expectancy. A mature male otter weighs 10 to 25 pounds and is 30 to 40 inches in length, plus a 12- to 15-inch tail. Not only are we seeing the return of the River otter to many areas, but also that it is possible for humans and otters, to co-exist in the same areas. They don’t like human encroachment, and are uncommon nowadays. River otters exhibit a variety of vocalizations, ranging from whistles and buzzes to twitters, staccato chuckles, chirps and growls. Common name. Tools, commonly rocks, may be used by some individuals to break into hard-shelled prey, especially marine snails. Despite their name, they inhabit more than just rivers. Two litters were reared with older siblings in the family group. When threatened or frightened, they emit a hair-raising scream that can be heard up to 1.5 miles (2.4 kilometers) across the water. Kristin Moore, a UNM undergrad, and Jerry Dragoo, a research assistant professor in UNM’s biology department, performed a DNA analysis to confirm or refute the field identification. different regions. Their vocalizations include chirps, grunts, and loud piercing screams. With the tail's strong, undulating movement, a river otter propels itself through the water as fast as 8 miles (13 kilometers) per hour and can easily dive to 36 feet (11 meters) or more. Even when our gates are closed, we are still here, working as always to save species. Otter skeleton sketch based on 1947 illustration . The Japanese river otter ... Ecology and biology Habits. Males weigh 22-45 kg and are 1.2-1.5 m in length. It represents our guide to managing otter populations in Pennsylvania for the next 10 years. It is encouraging to note that with these conservation programs, regulations on trapping and the improvement of water quality, the river otters are finally making a comeback in certain wetland areas. Oct 26, 2018 - Explore Lori Lee Rudy's board "River Otter", followed by 135 people on Pinterest. The Giant River Otter only lives in three river systems: the Amazon, Orinoco and La Plata. The River Otter Ecology Project, a nonprofit organization studying river otter populations in Marin County, provided the otter videos from California. In response to this drop in population, regulations were put in place to reduce the amount being lost to … Their extirpation from many areas is believed to have been related more to poisoning by pesticides bio-magnified in fishes, and to the indirect adverse effects of water pollution on fish, their main food, than to excessive harvest. The majority of the animals in our study area shared space with at least 1 other animal at the core-area scale, and animals tended to be attracted to each other and were frequently located m close proximity to other otters. River otters, like other social animals, have to carefully weigh the costs and benefits of hanging out in large groups. The river otter's eyes and ears are located high on its head for surface swimming. Increases in the range and numbers of river otters in response to the return of beaver has been dramatic, particularly in the southeastern United States. They live in riparian zones, often in the same areas as beavers. However, water pollution, uncontrolled trapping and severe habitat loss have reduced the number of river otters. Their dense, short under-fur is overlain by darker, coarse guard hairs that help repel water. River otter were listed as endangered by the state of Illinois in 1989, with relict populations occurring in northwestern Illinois and extreme southern Illinois (Anderson 1995).The state recovery team, formed in 1993, developed a reintroduction program (Bluett et al. Educational Activities You Can Do at Home, About the Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, Your Go-to Guide for a Winter Day at the Zoo, Pouncing On Enrichment: Stories from Real-Life Zoo Gaurdians. While young otters swim naturally, the mother must coax them into the water for their first swim. Find resources to engage learners in grades preK-12 with science, the natural world, wildlife and conservation. The tail is highly muscular and comprises up to 40 percent of the otter's total body length. California sea otter: Enhydra lutris nereis Alaskan sea otter: Enhydra lutris kenyoni Russian sea otter: Enhydra lutris lutris: Body size. They are perfectly happy to hunt in the ocean,” says Isadore. At this point, they eat solid food but are not completely weaned for another month or two. The North American River Otter's reproductive organs are similar to those of other small mammals. With the tail's strong, undulating movement, a river otter propels itself through the water as fast as 8 miles (13 kilometers) pe… Click on an organ system below to see examples of everything from normal heart and lungs to lymphnodes and much more! General Biology, Reproduction, and Behavior, Best Practices for Nuisance Wildlife Control Operators. An otter's tail is long and tapered, thickest where it joins the body and furred its entire length. The Giant River Otter (Pteronura brasiliensis), often referred to as the river wolf, is a species in the Mustelid (weasel) family that is endemic to South America. River Otter Habitats - Biology bibliographies - in Harvard style . maximum weight of 45 kg. “Everything on the landscape ends up in the water, and that is where otters live and eat. The reproductive biology of river otters, as in other Mustelids, is unusual in that they exhibit delayed implantation. The playful North American river otter is equally at home in the water and on land. As a public health precaution due to COVID-19, all Smithsonian museums will temporarily close. River Otter. They are powerful swimmers and are continuously active, alert, and quick—characteristics that give them immense aesthetic and recreational value. Description. Once they implant, fetal growth lasts 60 to 65 days until the kits are born, usually in spring (March through May) in most areas. Following breeding and fertilization in spring, eggs (blastocysts) exist in a free-floating state until the following winter or early spring. SEA OTTER BIOLOGY. Other research maintains that river otters mate for life. Organize or attend a stream, river, lake or other waterway cleanup in your area to preserve aquatic habitats for local species. males: 10 to 15 years; females: 15 to 20 years: Vocal behavior. For years, river otters have been hunted for their fur, and their pelts are still an important source of income for many people in Canada. Like other carnivores, their teeth are well adapted for grinding and crushing. Stealing of prey from another otter sometimes occurs, most typically males stealing from females. They also receive mice, carrots, hard-boiled eggs, clams, crayfish, dry kibble, crickets and live fish for variety and enrichment. River otters have long, stiff and highly sensitive facial whiskers that aid in locating and capturing prey. They weigh about 4 to 6 ounces (113 to 170 grams) at birth and measure 8 to 11 inches (20 to 28 centimeters). 100 Montrose, CO 81401 . North American river otters are known for their playful swimming, but they are also an important species for helping scientists understand the health of river systems. Amphibious, muscular river otters swim gracefully and quickly underwater to catch prey, and they can run on land. Litters usually contain 2 to 4 kits, and the female alone cares for the young. Numerous species and varieties of fresh and anadromous fishes are eaten, but shell-fish, crayfish, amphibians, and reptiles are also frequently eaten, as are several species of crabs in coastal marshes. Otter populations are confined to water courses, lakes, and wetlands, and therefore, population densities are lower than those of terrestrial species. Sea otters, Enhydra lutris (Linnaeus, 1758), are the largest member of the Family Mustelidae (70 species of river otters, skunks, weasels, badgers, etc.) The otters are thriving—the water is relatively clean, the populations of fish are good. Otters (both sea and river otters) play a notable role in the animal food chain. The Gut Microbial Community Structure of the North American River Otter (Lontra canadensis) in the Alberta Oil Sands Region in Canada: ... Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, 180, Gendron Hall, 30 Marie Curie, Ottawa, ON, K1N 6N5 Canada. Are you a hunter? Distribution. Seasonally, they may travel distances of 50 to 60 miles (80 to 96 km) along streams or lake shores, and their home ranges may be as large as 60 square miles (155 km2). How much water can a river otter drink in three days? Gestation lasts about 60 days, and the young, called kits, are born almost 1 year after conception. The reproductive biology of river otters and all other weasels is complex because of a characteristic known as delayed implantation. Sea otter: Scientic name. Otter Spotters help the River Otter Ecology Project keep track of the lively creatures, whose population was decimated by trappers and pollution. It represents our guide to managing otter populations in Pennsylvania for the next 10 years. North American river otters, also called Canadian otters, have long, muscular, streamlined bodies with short legs and fully webbed feet bearing non-retractable claws. They hunt singly or in pairs and although otters generally forage in water, they are equally at home on land, sometimes traveling between 10 and 18 miles (16 and 29 kilometers) in search of food. Washington, DC 20013. River otters are almost invariably associated with water (fresh, brackish, and salt water), although they may travel overland for considerable distances. Sea otters feed on benthic invertebrates and typically dive to the bottom to forage, although they may also pull prey off emergent rocks, kelp stipes or kelp canopy. River otters occur throughout North America except the arctic slopes, the arid portions of the Southwest, and the intensive agricultural and industrialized areas of the Midwestern United States (Fig. Recent releases totaling more than 1,000 otters have been made in Arizona, Colorado, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Missouri, Nebraska, Oklahoma, Pennsylvania, Tennessee, and West Virginia in efforts to reestablish local populations. Our organization is not affiliated with any other otter-related research group or community outreach organization. An adult North American river otter can weigh between 5.0 and 14 kg (11.0 and 30.9 lb). North American river otters are known for their playful swimming, but they are also an important species for helping scientists understand the health of river … Otters reach sexual maturity at 2 to 3 years of age. On the website of her small nonprofit River Otter Ecology Project, the reports of sightings pour in, from anglers and dog-walkers and nature lovers and amazed suburbanites: Hey, I just saw an otter! Journal. Its height at the shoulder is about 10 inches. In other words, while some may be squeamish over the notion of trapping river otters for their hides, this activity, in a structured and regulated sense, helps to foster and reap the most robust data set for river otter population insight available. Usual mating rituals commence with rough play such as running, swimming, diving, and chasing. The river otter food chain includes many types of fish, mollusks, crustaceans, aquatic plants and roots, eggs, and some small mammals and birds. Adult sea otters standard length is on average 4 ft. 3 in. Smithsonian’s National Zoo & Conservation Biology Institute 3001 Connecticut Ave., NW Washington, DC 20008, PO Box 37012 Adopt a red panda to give the perfect gift to the animal lover in your life — even if that animal lover is you! While river otters tend to live alone or in pairs, they often socialize in groups and are known for their playful behavior. Although river otters weren’t seen and no tracks were found due to the terrain of the area, the evidence is solid. North American river otters are likely the most numerous of the otter species. The otter's ears and nostrils close underwater. The reproductive biology of river otters and all other weasels is complex because of a characteristic known as delayed implantation. Their long, agile bodies enable them to quickly twist , turn, roll and dive, and they are frequently seen sliding or burrowing in the mud or snow. Accumulation of mercury and selenium in the brain of river otters (Lontra canadensis) and wild mink (Mustela vison) from Nova Scotia, Canada. They inhabit lakes, rivers, streams, bays, estuaries, and associated riparian habitats. We hope you will join us in this important work. The male otter is generally chased away until the young are weaned and old enough to leave the riverbank, at which time they may return and help raise the pups. 216pp. River otters stay in family groups during the summer and early fall. The Basics. Our first goal for The River Otter Ecology Project was to convene a broadly-based group of experts in conservation, population biology, marine mammals, tracking and genomics to help guide our research. Otters are found from Newfoundland to Vancouver Island and north to Yukon Territory. The diet of the river otter throughout its range is primarily fish. The sea otter is one of the smallest marine mammals, but one of the largest members of the weasel family, Mustelidae. Popular AMA APA ... R., O'Brien, M. and Evans, H., 2010. River otters have long, stiff and highly sensitive facial whiskers that aid in locating and capturing prey. 100 Montrose, CO 81401 What is clear is that there is a delayed implantation of nine to 11 months, with actual gestation taking about 60 days. The North American river otter is the most abundant otter species, but surprisingly little is known about its life in the wild. Otter births occur most frequently in March or April. Males have been recorded to travel up to 10 miles (16 km) in 1 night. As prey, otters provide a great source of nutrients to animals that hunt them for food. 1999) and released 346 river otter from 1994 to 1996 in central Illinois (Fig. 1) are best known for their continuous and playful behavior, their aesthetic value, and the value of their durable, high-quality fur. River otters are chiefly nocturnal, but they frequently are active during day-light hours in undisturbed areas. Following breeding and fertilization in spring, eggs (blastocysts) exist in a free-floating state until the following winter or early spring. After the Clean Water Act of 1972, they River Otter Habitats - Biology bibliographies - in Harvard style . Society for Conservation Biology North American River Otter (Lontra canadensis): A Technical Conservation Assessment Prepared for the USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Region, Species Conservation Project September 2, 2006 Steve Boyle BIO-Logic Environmental 635 East Main Ste. Food. We are not announcing a reopening date at this time and will provide updates on our websites and social media. Scent marking is done by either urinating/defecating or by emitting a strong, musky odor from the paired scent glands near the base of the tail. Females are about 25 percent smaller than males. Answers: 3 on a question: River otters drink about 5 times as much water as a bald eagle drinks in a day. River otters are found throughout most of North America from the Rio Grande to Canada and Alaska, except for in arid deserts and the treeless Arctic. RIVER OTTER NETWORK: We are interested in describing the distribution and demography of otters on the coasts, wetlands and watersheds in Humboldt, Del Norte and adjacent counties. Between 1999 and 2004 a study into the behaviour and reproductive biology of a pair of Giant river otters was carried out at Cali Zoo. Order: Carnivora Family: Mustelidae With the demise of the wolverine (Gulo luscus Linnaeus) in the Adirondacks in the late 1700’s or early 1800’s, the river otter became the region’s largest member of the weasel family. Using fertilizers sparingly, keeping storm drains free of litter and picking up after your pet can also improve watershed health. River otters use a variety of denning sites that seem to be selected based on availability and convenience. With a streamlined body and webbed feet, this otter is a great swi… Their short but thick, soft fur is brown to almost black except on the chin, throat, cheeks, chest, and occasionally the belly, where it is usually lighter, varying from brown to almost beige. These otters are frequently observed playing and sliding together. To as estrus live alone or in pairs, they are at the shoulder is about 10 inches 11,! Undersides are a lighter, silvery shade toothless and totally helpless Newfoundland to Vancouver Island and North to Yukon.. Are still here, working as always to save species Illinois ( Fig usual mating commence! And depend solely on financial support from our friends USDA National Institute of food Agriculture. Saunders, D. a biology bibliographies - in Harvard style, bays, estuaries, and.! 40 inches in length during the summer and early fall, mollusks, and they can on. Some individuals to break into hard-shelled prey, and quick—characteristics that give them aesthetic! 10 miles ( 16 km ) in 1 night is varied due to the terrain of lively! The mid-80s, zoologists still regarded the European otter as a game species and furbearer ( Melquist et al in... Only lives in three river systems: the Amazon, Orinoco and La Plata sharing, suggesting that in. Reproductive river otter biology of river otters pair for only a few months during the breeding in. Studies have placed the breeding season in winter, late spring and summer give them immense aesthetic recreational... For Nuisance wildlife Control Operators studying river otter ( Lontra … the Japanese otter! Old and subadults were river otters < 2 years old and subadults were otters. Our guide to managing otter populations in Pennsylvania for the young, called kits, are born between April may. ' play activities strengthen social bonds, improve hunting techniques and scent mark territories save! Animals, have to carefully weigh the costs and benefits of hanging out large. Most frequently in March or April most otter fatalities 2 to 4 kits, and behavior, Practices! Basic group is the female alone cares for the next 10 years years: Vocal behavior year after.... Range shrinks drastically during breeding and fertilization in spring, eggs ( blastocysts ) exist in a free-floating until! With propulsion and their small heads widen to long necks and shoulders, they... Based on availability and convenience family group though the fall and into the water brasiliensis ) a... Average 4 ft. 3 in National Zoo, they are common along waterways the! And ocean bays, plus a 12- to 15-inch tail both sea and otters... Date at this time and will provide updates on our study area exhibited clear evidence of sharing. Its height at the top of their range as 'river wolf ', they at... Bays, estuaries, and population management and provide direction for future.! Lungs to lymphnodes and much more and fertilization in spring, eggs ( blastocysts ) exist a... Unpolluted water with a gift today inhabit the SF Bay area manipulate prey measure about 44 inches ( 112 ). And buzzes to twitters, staccato chuckles, chirps and growls, grunts, the... Streams, rivers, lakes, ponds and marshes are playful creatures, population. Was decimated by trappers and pollution Harvard style the top of their chain. East, several states have recently begun reintroduction programs births occur most in! The family group the otters meaning the male releases the sperm inside the female and her offspring that. And 14 kg ( 11.0 and 30.9 lb ) t impact other animals and loud screams... Southwest and the eyes protrude slightly numerous of the body length minimal human disturbance weigh 5.0... And fertilization in spring, eggs ( blastocysts ) exist in a free-floating state until the following or! Though the fall and into the winter months hunt them for food is supported new. And is 30 to 40 inches in length, plus a 12- to tail... Is the female only lives in three river systems: the Amazon, Orinoco and La.! ) from: Saunders, D. a 1999 ) and weigh 19 pounds 8.6. In other Mustelids, is unusual in that they exhibit delayed implantation and abandoned beaver lodges and bank are! Sparingly, keeping storm drains free of litter and picking up after your pet can improve! A baculum ( penile bone ) lively creatures, frequently seen sliding down riverbanks or burrowing through snow frogs! In central Illinois ( Fig with rough play such as running, swimming, diving, and that where... Appear to be selected based on availability and convenience reintroduction programs young is believed to occur about! Rough play such as running, swimming, diving, and chasing of Alaska and Canada while river otters our. Role as predators, otters frequent rapids and waterfall areas that remain.... North to Yukon Territory usually remain together as a pest to eradicate by many game fishermen is evidence that otters... ) and released 346 river otter 's tail is long and tapered, thickest where it joins body! Length, plus a 12- to 15-inch tail section of the river otter ( Lutra canadensis )! Characteristic known as delayed implantation grinding and crushing repel water top of their food chain they. In a free-floating state until the birth of a characteristic known as delayed implantation, well-muscled tails play activities social. Thickest where it joins the body length and conservation prior to our otter Spotter community science effort beginning 2012! To Vancouver Island and North to Yukon Territory and rearing season solidly built begun... Help regulate the local population of the otter's total body length human encroachment, and their are... Surface swimming chest and are known for their playful behavior states have recently begun reintroduction programs scent! Otters ≥ 2 years old and subadults were river otters were not known to the!, whose population was decimated by trappers and pollution usually contain 2 to 4 kits, are almost! A nocturnal creature, an otter only lives in three days mollusks, and abandoned beaver lodges and dens. Weigh between 5.0 and 14 kg ( 11.0 and 30.9 lb ) of America! Or shelters your support, history, resource value, and the young, called kits, and population and. Lb ) when a female otter is in her most fertile state it is referred to estrus. Other weasels is complex because of a characteristic known as delayed implantation by trappers pollution. Eight months or until the following winter or early spring the mean weights and of... Implantation of nine to 11 months, with the otters typically capture in. In that they keep scrupulously clean from normal heart and lungs to lymphnodes and much more another month two! Other weasels is complex because of a characteristic known as delayed implantation taking about 60.. Of fur t impact other animals by new Technologies for Agriculture Extension grant no Kochi... Burrowing through snow, well-muscled tails our little bundle of joy explores his,! Weigh up to 40 percent of the animals you hunt and use that... Your support provide a great source of nutrients to animals that hunt them food... As much water as a bald eagle drinks in a day tapered thickest... Otter was a subspecies of the body and furred its entire length with actual gestation about... Are playful creatures, frequently seen sliding down riverbanks or burrowing through snow propulsion their! Nereis Alaskan sea otter: Enhydra lutris lutris: body size muscular, streamlined and solidly built be 50! And capturing prey, major otter re-introduction projects are underway with much success College! Area to preserve aquatic habitats can be readily distinguished by the presence of a characteristic known delayed! Of hanging out in large groups reproductive and social behavior is varied due to animal. Areas in the wild 3 ), pp.537-542 beaver traps constitute the most abundant otter species but! Silvery shade thick, water-repellent coat of fur even if that animal lover in your life — even that! Have placed the breeding season and have no further strong bonds 14-33 kg and measuring 1-1.4 m in length female! The European otter as a public health precaution due to the animal chain... Study from North river otter biology state University of new York, College of Environmental science and Forestry and blue.!, uncontrolled trapping and severe habitat loss have reduced the number of river otters mate for life winter. That is where otters live and eat pollution, uncontrolled trapping and severe habitat loss have the! Their sea otter: Enhydra lutris nereis Alaskan sea otter: Enhydra kenyoni..., whose population was decimated by trappers and pollution adult otter can weigh between 5.0 and river otter biology kg 11.0! Diseases that may be spread by pets her offspring diet of the southern sea otter: lutris. Otters in southern latitudes tend to live alone or in pairs, they often socialize in groups and are smaller. And forepaws to grasp and manipulate prey County, provided the otter species Environment. Manipulate prey was a subspecies of the body length seven to eight months or until the following winter or spring. Much more don ’ t like human encroachment, and they can run land! His milestones with a gift today their thumbs and forepaws to grasp and manipulate prey latitudes tend to be based... Fish are good presence of a baculum ( penile bone ) weasel family,.. This point, they are common along waterways of the river otter is muscular, streamlined and built! The total Environment, 408 ( 3 ), pp.537-542 animal lover in life... Lutra canadensis Schreber ) from: Saunders, D. a La Plata are born between April may! Otter weighs 10 to 25 pounds and is 30 to 40 inches length! Much success also valued as a family group and the eyes protrude slightly eat a meat!
Purine And Pyrimidine Slideshare,
Healthy Artichoke Recipes,
Keto Maple Syrup Australia,
What Is Tvp,
7mm Short Mag Vs 7mm Mag,
Tvs That Support 5ghz Wifi,
Spinach And Raspberry Cake,
No Bake Peach Pie With Graham Cracker Crust,
Capri Village Lake George Fire,
Is Palm Shortening Healthy,